memory.c

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/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */
/*                                                                           */
/*                  This file is part of the library                         */
/*          BMS --- Block Memory Shell                                       */
/*                                                                           */
/*  Copyright 2002-2022 Zuse Institute Berlin                                */
/*                                                                           */
/*  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");          */
/*  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.         */
/*  You may obtain a copy of the License at                                  */
/*                                                                           */
/*      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0                           */
/*                                                                           */
/*  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software      */
/*  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,        */
/*  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. */
/*  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and      */
/*  limitations under the License.                                           */
/*                                                                           */
/*  You should have received a copy of the Apache-2.0 license                */
/*  along with SCIP; see the file LICENSE. If not visit scipopt.org.         */
/*                                                                           */
/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */

/**@file   memory.c
 * @ingroup OTHER_CFILES
 * @brief  memory allocation routines
 * @author Tobias Achterberg
 * @author Gerald Gamrath
 * @author Marc Pfetsch
 * @author Jakob Witzig
 */

/*---+----1----+----2----+----3----+----4----+----5----+----6----+----7----+----8----+----9----+----0----+----1----+----2*/

#ifdef __cplusplus
#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
#endif

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>

/*
 * include build configuration flags
 */
#ifndef NO_CONFIG_HEADER
#include "scip/config.h"
#endif

#ifdef WITH_SCIPDEF
#include "scip/def.h"
#include "scip/pub_message.h"
#else
#include <stdint.h>
#endif

#include "blockmemshell/memory.h"
#include "scip/rbtree.h"

/* uncomment the following to enable the use of a memlist in debug mode
 * that checks for some memory leaks and allows to add the additional
 * checks enabled with the defines below.
 * The maintenance of the memlist, however, is not threadsafe.
 */
#ifndef SCIP_THREADSAFE
/*#define ENABLE_MEMLIST_CHECKS*/
#endif

#ifdef ENABLE_MEMLIST_CHECKS
/* uncomment the following for debugging:
 * - CHECKMEM:      run a thorough test on every memory function call, very slow
 * - CHECKCHKFREE:  check for the presence of a pointer in a chunk block
 */
/*#define CHECKMEM*/
/*#define CHECKCHKFREE*/
#endif

/* Uncomment the following for checks that clean buffer is really clean when being freed. */
/* #define CHECKCLEANBUFFER */

/* Uncomment the following for a warnings if buffers are not freed in the reverse order of allocation. */
/* #define CHECKBUFFERORDER */

/* if we are included in SCIP, use SCIP's message output methods */
#ifdef SCIPdebugMessage
#define debugMessage SCIPdebugMessage
#define errorMessage SCIPerrorMessage
#else
#define debugMessage while( FALSE ) printf
#define errorMessage printf
#define printErrorHeader(f,l) printf("[%s:%d] ERROR: ", f, l)
#define printError printf
#endif

#ifdef ENABLE_MEMLIST_CHECKS
#define warningMessage printf
#endif
#define printInfo printf

/* define some macros (if not already defined) */
#ifndef FALSE
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE  1
#endif
#ifndef MAX
#define MAX(x,y) ((x) >= (y) ? (x) : (y))
#define MIN(x,y) ((x) <= (y) ? (x) : (y))
#endif

#ifndef SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
#define LONGINT_FORMAT           "I64d"
#else
#define LONGINT_FORMAT           "lld"
#endif
#else
#define LONGINT_FORMAT SCIP_LONGINT_FORMAT
#endif

#ifndef SCIP_MAXMEMSIZE
/* we take SIZE_MAX / 2 to detect negative sizes which got a very large value when casting to (unsigned) size_t */
#define MAXMEMSIZE SIZE_MAX / 2
#else
#define MAXMEMSIZE SCIP_MAXMEMSIZE
#endif

/* define inline (if not already defined) */
#ifndef INLINE
#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64) || defined(__STDC__)
#define INLINE                 __inline
#else
#define INLINE                 inline
#endif
#endif

/*************************************************************************************
 * Standard Memory Management
 *
 * In debug mode, these methods extend malloc() and free() by logging all currently
 * allocated memory elements in an allocation list. This can be used as a simple leak
 * detection.
 *************************************************************************************/
#if !defined(NDEBUG) && defined(ENABLE_MEMLIST_CHECKS)

typedef struct Memlist MEMLIST;         /**< memory list for debugging purposes */

/** memory list for debugging purposes */
struct Memlist
{
   const void*           ptr;                /**< pointer to allocated memory */
   size_t                size;               /**< size of memory element */
   char*                 filename;           /**< source file where the allocation was performed */
   int                   line;               /**< line number in source file where the allocation was performed */
   MEMLIST*              next;               /**< next entry in the memory list */
};

static MEMLIST*          memlist = NULL;     /**< global memory list for debugging purposes */
static size_t            memused = 0;        /**< number of allocated bytes */

#ifdef CHECKMEM
/** checks, whether the number of allocated bytes match the entries in the memory list */
static
void checkMemlist(
   void
   )
{
   MEMLIST* list = memlist;
   size_t used = 0;

   while( list != NULL )
   {
      used += list->size;
      list = list->next;
   }
   assert(used == memused);
}
#else
#define checkMemlist() /**/
#endif

/** adds entry to list of allocated memory */
static
void addMemlistEntry(
   const void*           ptr,                /**< pointer to allocated memory */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the allocation was performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the allocation was performed */
   )
{
   MEMLIST* list;

   assert(ptr != NULL && size > 0);

   list = (MEMLIST*)malloc(sizeof(MEMLIST));
   assert(list != NULL);

   list->ptr = ptr;
   list->size = size;
   list->filename = strdup(filename);
   assert(list->filename != NULL);
   list->line = line;
   list->next = memlist;
   memlist = list;
   memused += size;
   checkMemlist();
}

/** removes entry from the list of allocated memory */
static
void removeMemlistEntry(
   const void*           ptr,                /**< pointer to allocated memory */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the deallocation was performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the deallocation was performed */
   )
{
   MEMLIST* list;
   MEMLIST** listptr;

   assert(ptr != NULL);

   list = memlist;
   listptr = &memlist;
   while( list != NULL && ptr != list->ptr )
   {
      listptr = &(list->next);
      list = list->next;
   }
   if( list != NULL )
   {
      assert(ptr == list->ptr);

      *listptr = list->next;
      assert( list->size <= memused );
      memused -= list->size;
      free(list->filename);
      free(list);
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free unknown pointer <%p>.\n", ptr);
   }
   checkMemlist();
}

/** returns the size of an allocated memory element */
size_t BMSgetPointerSize_call(
   const void*           ptr                 /**< pointer to allocated memory */
   )
{
   MEMLIST* list;

   list = memlist;
   while( list != NULL && ptr != list->ptr )
      list = list->next;
   if( list != NULL )
      return list->size;
   else
      return 0;
}

/** outputs information about currently allocated memory to the screen */
void BMSdisplayMemory_call(
   void
   )
{
   MEMLIST* list;
   size_t used = 0;

   printInfo("Allocated memory:\n");
   list = memlist;
   while( list != NULL )
   {
      printInfo("%12p %8llu %s:%d\n", list->ptr, (unsigned long long) list->size, list->filename, list->line);
      used += list->size;
      list = list->next;
   }
   printInfo("Total:    %8llu\n", (unsigned long long) memused);
   if( used != memused )
   {
      errorMessage("Used memory in list sums up to %llu instead of %llu\n", (unsigned long long)used, (unsigned long long)memused);
   }
   checkMemlist();
}

/** displays a warning message on the screen, if allocated memory exists */
void BMScheckEmptyMemory_call(
   void
   )
{
   if( memlist != NULL || memused > 0 )
   {
      warningMessage("Memory list not empty.\n");
      BMSdisplayMemory_call();
   }
}

/** returns total number of allocated bytes */
long long BMSgetMemoryUsed_call(
   void
   )
{
   return (long long) memused;
}

#else

#define addMemlistEntry(ptr, size, filename, line) do { (void) (ptr); (void) (size); (void) (filename); (void) (line); } while(0)
#define removeMemlistEntry(ptr, filename, line) do { (void) (ptr); (void) (filename); (void) (line); } while(0)

/* these methods are implemented even in optimized mode, such that a program, that includes memory.h in debug mode
 * but links the optimized version compiles
 */

/** returns the size of an allocated memory element */
size_t BMSgetPointerSize_call(
   const void*           ptr                 /**< pointer to allocated memory */
   )
{
   (void) ptr;
   return 0;
}

/** outputs information about currently allocated memory to the screen */
void BMSdisplayMemory_call(
   void
   )
{
   printInfo("Optimized, threadsafe version of memory shell linked - no memory diagnostics available.\n");
}

/** displays a warning message on the screen, if allocated memory exists */
void BMScheckEmptyMemory_call(
   void
   )
{
}

/** returns total number of allocated bytes */
long long BMSgetMemoryUsed_call(
   void
   )
{
   return 0;
}

#endif

/** allocates array and initializes it with 0; returns NULL if memory allocation failed */
void* BMSallocClearMemory_call(
   size_t                num,                /**< number of memory element to allocate */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of one memory element to allocate */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the allocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the allocation is performed */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(typesize > 0);

   debugMessage("calloc %llu elements of %llu bytes [%s:%d]\n", (unsigned long long)num, (unsigned long long)typesize,
      filename, line);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( num > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate standard memory of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   num = MAX(num, 1);
   typesize = MAX(typesize, 1);
   ptr = calloc(num, typesize);

   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for allocation of %llu bytes.\n", (unsigned long long)(num) * (typesize));
   }
   else
      addMemlistEntry(ptr, num*typesize, filename, line);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates memory; returns NULL if memory allocation failed */
void* BMSallocMemory_call(
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the allocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the allocation is performed */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   debugMessage("malloc %llu bytes [%s:%d]\n", (unsigned long long)size, filename, line);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( size > MAXMEMSIZE )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate standard memory of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   size = MAX(size, 1);
   ptr = malloc(size);

   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for allocation of %llu bytes.\n", (unsigned long long)size);
   }
   else
      addMemlistEntry(ptr, size, filename, line);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates array; returns NULL if memory allocation failed */
void* BMSallocMemoryArray_call(
   size_t                num,                /**< number of components of array to allocate */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the allocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the allocation is performed */
   )
{
   void* ptr;
   size_t size;

   debugMessage("malloc %llu elements of %llu bytes [%s:%d]\n",
      (unsigned long long)num, (unsigned long long)typesize, filename, line);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( num > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate standard memory of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   size = num * typesize;
   size = MAX(size, 1);
   ptr = malloc(size);

   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for allocation of %llu bytes.\n", (unsigned long long)size);
   }
   else
      addMemlistEntry(ptr, size, filename, line);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates memory; returns NULL if memory allocation failed */
void* BMSreallocMemory_call(
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to memory to reallocate */
   size_t                size,               /**< new size of memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the reallocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the reallocation is performed */
   )
{
   void* newptr;

   if( ptr != NULL )
      removeMemlistEntry(ptr, filename, line);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( size > MAXMEMSIZE )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate standard memory of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   size = MAX(size, 1);
   newptr = realloc(ptr, size);

   if( newptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for reallocation of %llu bytes.\n", (unsigned long long)size);
   }
   else
      addMemlistEntry(newptr, size, filename, line);

   return newptr;
}

/** reallocates array; returns NULL if memory allocation failed */
void* BMSreallocMemoryArray_call(
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to memory to reallocate */
   size_t                num,                /**< number of components of array to allocate */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the reallocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the reallocation is performed */
   )
{
   void* newptr;
   size_t size;

   if( ptr != NULL )
      removeMemlistEntry(ptr, filename, line);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( num > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate standard memory of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   size = num * typesize;
   size = MAX(size, 1);
   newptr = realloc(ptr, size);

   if( newptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for reallocation of %llu bytes.\n", (unsigned long long)size);
   }
   else
      addMemlistEntry(newptr, size, filename, line);

   return newptr;
}

/** clears a memory element (i.e. fills it with zeros) */
void BMSclearMemory_call(
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to memory element */
   size_t                size                /**< size of memory element */
   )
{
   if( size > 0 )
   {
      assert(ptr != NULL);
      memset(ptr, 0, size);
   }
}

/** copies the contents of one memory element into another memory element */
void BMScopyMemory_call(
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to target memory element */
   const void*           source,             /**< pointer to source memory element */
   size_t                size                /**< size of memory element to copy */
   )
{
   if( size > 0 )
   {
      assert(ptr != NULL);
      assert(source != NULL);
      memcpy(ptr, source, size);
   }
}

/** moves the contents of one memory element into another memory element, should be used if both elements overlap,
 *  otherwise BMScopyMemory is faster
 */
void BMSmoveMemory_call(
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to target memory element */
   const void*           source,             /**< pointer to source memory element */
   size_t                size                /**< size of memory element to copy */
   )
{
   if( size > 0 )
   {
      assert(ptr != NULL);
      assert(source != NULL);
      memmove(ptr, source, size);
   }
}

/** allocates memory and copies the contents of the given memory element into the new memory element */
void* BMSduplicateMemory_call(
   const void*           source,             /**< pointer to source memory element */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to copy */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the duplication is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the duplication is performed */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(source != NULL || size == 0);

   ptr = BMSallocMemory_call(size, filename, line);
   if( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemory_call(ptr, source, size);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates array and copies the contents of the given source array into the new array */
void* BMSduplicateMemoryArray_call(
   const void*           source,             /**< pointer to source memory element */
   size_t                num,                /**< number of components of array to allocate */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the duplication is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the duplication is performed */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(source != NULL || num == 0);

   ptr = BMSallocMemoryArray_call(num, typesize, filename, line);
   if( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemory_call(ptr, source, num * typesize);

   return ptr;
}

/** frees an allocated memory element and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeMemory_call(
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the deallocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the deallocation is performed */
   )
{
   assert( ptr != NULL );
   if( *ptr != NULL )
   {
      removeMemlistEntry(*ptr, filename, line);

      free(*ptr);
      *ptr = NULL;
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free null pointer.\n");
   }
}

/** frees an allocated memory element if pointer is not NULL and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeMemoryNull_call(
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file where the deallocation is performed */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file where the deallocation is performed */
   )
{
   assert( ptr != NULL );
   if ( *ptr != NULL )
   {
      removeMemlistEntry(*ptr, filename, line);

      free(*ptr);
      *ptr = NULL;
   }
}


/***********************************************************
 * Block Memory Management (forward declaration)
 *
 * Efficient memory management for objects of varying sizes
 ***********************************************************/

#define CHKHASH_POWER              10                 /**< power for size of chunk block hash table */
#define CHKHASH_SIZE               (1<<CHKHASH_POWER) /**< size of chunk block hash table is 2^CHKHASH_POWER */

/** collection of chunk blocks */
struct BMS_BlkMem
{
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmemhash[CHKHASH_SIZE]; /**< hash table with chunk blocks */
   long long             memused;            /**< total number of used bytes in the memory header */
   long long             memallocated;       /**< total number of allocated bytes in the memory header */
   long long             maxmemused;         /**< maximal number of used bytes in the memory header */
   long long             maxmemunused;       /**< maximal number of allocated but not used bytes in the memory header */
   long long             maxmemallocated;    /**< maximal number of allocated bytes in the memory header */
   int                   initchunksize;      /**< number of elements in the first chunk of each chunk block */
   int                   garbagefactor;      /**< garbage collector is called, if at least garbagefactor * avg. chunksize
                                              *   elements are free (-1: disable garbage collection) */
};


/********************************************************************
 * Chunk Memory Management
 *
 * Efficient memory management for multiple objects of the same size
 ********************************************************************/

/* 
 * block memory methods for faster memory access
 */

#define CHUNKLENGTH_MIN            1024 /**< minimal size of a chunk (in bytes) */
#define CHUNKLENGTH_MAX         1048576 /**< maximal size of a chunk (in bytes) */
#define STORESIZE_MAX              8192 /**< maximal number of elements in one chunk */
#define GARBAGE_SIZE                256 /**< size of lazy free list to start garbage collection */
#define ALIGNMENT    (sizeof(FREELIST)) /**< minimal alignment of chunks */

typedef struct Freelist FREELIST;       /**< linked list of free memory elements */
typedef struct Chunk CHUNK;             /**< chunk of memory elements */

/** linked list of free memory elements */
struct Freelist
{
   FREELIST*        next;               /**< pointer to the next free element */
};

/** chunk of memory elements */
struct Chunk
{
   SCIP_RBTREE_HOOKS;                        /**< organize chunks in a red black tree */ /*lint !e768 */
   void*                 store;              /**< data storage */
   void*                 storeend;           /**< points to the first byte in memory not belonging to the chunk */
   FREELIST*             eagerfree;          /**< eager free list */
   CHUNK*                nexteager;          /**< next chunk, that has a non-empty eager free list */
   CHUNK*                preveager;          /**< previous chunk, that has a non-empty eager free list */
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem;             /**< chunk memory collection, this chunk belongs to */
   int                   elemsize;           /**< size of each element in the chunk */
   int                   storesize;          /**< number of elements in this chunk */
   int                   eagerfreesize;      /**< number of elements in the eager free list */
}; /* the chunk data structure must be aligned, because the storage is allocated directly behind the chunk header! */

/** collection of memory chunks of the same element size */
struct BMS_ChkMem
{
   CHUNK*                rootchunk;          /**< array with the chunks of the chunk header */
   FREELIST*             lazyfree;           /**< lazy free list of unused memory elements of all chunks of this chunk block */
   CHUNK*                firsteager;         /**< first chunk with a non-empty eager free list */ 
   BMS_CHKMEM*           nextchkmem;         /**< next chunk block in the block memory's hash list */
   int                   elemsize;           /**< size of each memory element in the chunk memory */
   int                   nchunks;            /**< number of chunks in this chunk block (used slots of the chunk array) */
   int                   lastchunksize;      /**< number of elements in the last allocated chunk */
   int                   storesize;          /**< total number of elements in this chunk block */
   int                   lazyfreesize;       /**< number of elements in the lazy free list of the chunk block */
   int                   eagerfreesize;      /**< total number of elements of all eager free lists of the block's chunks */
   int                   initchunksize;      /**< number of elements in the first chunk */
   int                   garbagefactor;      /**< garbage collector is called, if at least garbagefactor * avg. chunksize 
                                              *   elements are free (-1: disable garbage collection) */
#ifndef NDEBUG
   char*                 filename;           /**< source file, where this chunk block was created */
   int                   line;               /**< source line, where this chunk block was created */
   int                   ngarbagecalls;      /**< number of times, the garbage collector was called */
   int                   ngarbagefrees;      /**< number of chunks, the garbage collector freed */
#endif
};

/* define a find function to find a chunk in a red black tree of chunks */
#define CHUNK_LT(ptr,chunk)  ptr < chunk->store
#define CHUNK_GT(ptr,chunk)  ptr >= chunk->storeend

static
SCIP_DEF_RBTREE_FIND(rbTreeFindChunk, const void*, CHUNK, CHUNK_LT, CHUNK_GT) /*lint !e123*/


/** aligns the given byte size corresponding to the minimal alignment */
static
void alignSize(
   size_t*               size                /**< pointer to the size to align */
   )
{
   if( *size < ALIGNMENT )
      *size = ALIGNMENT;
   else
      *size = ((*size + ALIGNMENT - 1) / ALIGNMENT) * ALIGNMENT;
}

/** aligns the given byte size corresponding to the minimal alignment for chunk and block memory  */
void BMSalignMemsize(
   size_t*               size                /**< pointer to the size to align */
   )
{
   assert(ALIGNMENT == sizeof(void*)); /*lint !e506*/
   alignSize(size);
}

/** checks whether the given size meets the alignment conditions for chunk and block memory */
int BMSisAligned(
   size_t                size                /**< size to check for alignment */
   )
{
   assert(ALIGNMENT == sizeof(void*)); /*lint !e506*/
   return( size >= ALIGNMENT && size % ALIGNMENT == 0 );
}

#ifndef NDEBUG
/** checks, if the given pointer belongs to the given chunk */
static
int isPtrInChunk(
   const CHUNK*          chunk,              /**< memory chunk */
   const void*           ptr                 /**< pointer */
   )
{
   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->store <= chunk->storeend);

   return (ptr >= (void*)(chunk->store) && ptr < (void*)(chunk->storeend));
}
#endif

/** given a pointer, finds the chunk this pointer points to in the chunk array of the given chunk block;
 *  binary search is used;
 *  returns NULL if the pointer does not belong to the chunk block
 */
static
CHUNK* findChunk(
   const BMS_CHKMEM*     chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   const void*           ptr                 /**< pointer */
   )
{
   CHUNK* chunk;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert(ptr != NULL);

   if( rbTreeFindChunk(chkmem->rootchunk, ptr, &chunk) == 0 )
      return chunk;

   /* ptr was not found in chunk */
   return NULL;
}

/** checks, if a pointer belongs to a chunk of the given chunk block */
static
int isPtrInChkmem(
   const BMS_CHKMEM*     chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   const void*           ptr                 /**< pointer */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   return (findChunk(chkmem, ptr) != NULL);
}



/*
 * debugging methods
 */

#ifdef CHECKMEM
/** sanity check for a memory chunk */
static
void checkChunk(
   const CHUNK*       chunk               /**< memory chunk */
   )
{
   FREELIST* eager;
   int eagerfreesize;

   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->store != NULL);
   assert(chunk->storeend == (void*)((char*)(chunk->store) + chunk->elemsize * chunk->storesize));
   assert(chunk->chkmem != NULL);
   assert(chunk->chkmem->elemsize == chunk->elemsize);

   if( chunk->eagerfree == NULL )
      assert(chunk->nexteager == NULL && chunk->preveager == NULL);
   else if( chunk->preveager == NULL )
      assert(chunk->chkmem->firsteager == chunk);

   if( chunk->nexteager != NULL )
      assert(chunk->nexteager->preveager == chunk);
   if( chunk->preveager != NULL )
      assert(chunk->preveager->nexteager == chunk);

   eagerfreesize = 0;
   eager = chunk->eagerfree;
   while( eager != NULL )
   {
      assert(isPtrInChunk(chunk, eager));
      eagerfreesize++;
      eager = eager->next;
   }
   assert(chunk->eagerfreesize == eagerfreesize);
}

/** sanity check for a chunk block */
static
void checkChkmem(
   const BMS_CHKMEM*     chkmem              /**< chunk block */
   )
{
   FREELIST* lazy;
   int nchunks;
   int storesize;
   int lazyfreesize;
   int eagerfreesize;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   nchunks = 0;
   storesize = 0;
   lazyfreesize = 0;
   eagerfreesize = 0;

   FOR_EACH_NODE(CHUNK*, chunk, chkmem->rootchunk,
   {
      checkChunk(chunk);
      nchunks++;
      storesize += chunk->storesize;
      eagerfreesize += chunk->eagerfreesize;
   })

   assert(chkmem->nchunks == nchunks);
   assert(chkmem->storesize == storesize);
   assert(chkmem->eagerfreesize == eagerfreesize);

   assert(((unsigned int) (chkmem->eagerfreesize == 0)) ^ ( (unsigned int) (chkmem->firsteager != NULL)));

   if( chkmem->firsteager != NULL )
      assert(chkmem->firsteager->preveager == NULL);

   lazy = chkmem->lazyfree;
   while( lazy != NULL )
   {
      CHUNK* chunk = findChunk(chkmem, lazy);
      assert(chunk != NULL);
      assert(chunk->chkmem == chkmem);
      lazyfreesize++;
      lazy = lazy->next;
   }
   assert(chkmem->lazyfreesize == lazyfreesize);
}
#else
#define checkChunk(chunk) /**/
#define checkChkmem(chkmem) /**/
#endif


/** links chunk to the block's chunk array, sort it by store pointer;
 *  returns TRUE if successful, FALSE otherwise
 */
static
int linkChunk(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   CHUNK*                chunk               /**< memory chunk */
   )
{
   CHUNK* parent;
   int pos;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->store != NULL);

   debugMessage("linking chunk %p to chunk block %p [elemsize:%d, %d chunks]\n", 
      (void*)chunk, (void*)chkmem, chkmem->elemsize, chkmem->nchunks);

   pos = rbTreeFindChunk(chkmem->rootchunk, chunk->store, &parent);
   assert(pos != 0);

   SCIPrbtreeInsert(&chkmem->rootchunk, parent, pos, chunk);

   chkmem->nchunks++;
   chkmem->storesize += chunk->storesize;

   return TRUE;
}

/** unlinks chunk from the chunk block's chunk list */
static
void unlinkChunk(
   CHUNK*                chunk               /**< memory chunk */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;

   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->eagerfree == NULL);
   assert(chunk->nexteager == NULL);
   assert(chunk->preveager == NULL);

   chkmem = chunk->chkmem;
   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert(chkmem->elemsize == chunk->elemsize);

   debugMessage("unlinking chunk %p from chunk block %p [elemsize:%d, %d chunks]\n", 
      (void*)chunk, (void*)chkmem, chkmem->elemsize, chkmem->nchunks);

   /* remove the chunk from the chunks of the chunk block */
   SCIPrbtreeDelete(&chkmem->rootchunk, chunk);

   chkmem->nchunks--;
   chkmem->storesize -= chunk->storesize;
}

/** links chunk to the chunk block's eager chunk list */
static
void linkEagerChunk(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   CHUNK*                chunk               /**< memory chunk */
   )
{
   assert(chunk->chkmem == chkmem);
   assert(chunk->nexteager == NULL);
   assert(chunk->preveager == NULL);

   chunk->nexteager = chkmem->firsteager;
   chunk->preveager = NULL;
   if( chkmem->firsteager != NULL )
   {
      assert(chkmem->firsteager->preveager == NULL);
      chkmem->firsteager->preveager = chunk;
   }
   chkmem->firsteager = chunk;
}

/** unlinks chunk from the chunk block's eager chunk list */
static
void unlinkEagerChunk(
   CHUNK*                chunk               /**< memory chunk */
   )
{
   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->eagerfreesize == 0 || chunk->eagerfreesize == chunk->storesize);

   if( chunk->nexteager != NULL )
      chunk->nexteager->preveager = chunk->preveager;
   if( chunk->preveager != NULL )
      chunk->preveager->nexteager = chunk->nexteager;
   else
   {
      assert(chunk->chkmem->firsteager == chunk);
      chunk->chkmem->firsteager = chunk->nexteager;
   }
   chunk->nexteager = NULL;
   chunk->preveager = NULL;
   chunk->eagerfree = NULL;
}

/** creates a new memory chunk in the given chunk block and adds memory elements to the lazy free list;
 *  returns TRUE if successful, FALSE otherwise
 */
static
int createChunk(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   CHUNK *newchunk;
   FREELIST *freelist;
   int i;
   int storesize;
   int retval;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   debugMessage("creating new chunk in chunk block %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)chkmem, chkmem->elemsize);

   /* calculate store size */
   if( chkmem->nchunks == 0 )
      storesize = chkmem->initchunksize;
   else
      storesize = 2 * chkmem->lastchunksize;
   assert(storesize > 0);
   storesize = MAX(storesize, CHUNKLENGTH_MIN / chkmem->elemsize);
   storesize = MIN(storesize, CHUNKLENGTH_MAX / chkmem->elemsize);
   storesize = MIN(storesize, STORESIZE_MAX);
   storesize = MAX(storesize, 1);
   chkmem->lastchunksize = storesize;

   /* create new chunk */
   assert(BMSisAligned(sizeof(CHUNK)));
   assert( chkmem->elemsize < INT_MAX / storesize );
   assert( sizeof(CHUNK) < MAXMEMSIZE - (size_t)(storesize * chkmem->elemsize) ); /*lint !e571 !e647*/
   BMSallocMemorySize(&newchunk, sizeof(CHUNK) + storesize * chkmem->elemsize);
   if( newchunk == NULL )
      return FALSE;

   /* the store is allocated directly behind the chunk header */
   newchunk->store = (void*) ((char*) newchunk + sizeof(CHUNK));
   newchunk->storeend = (void*) ((char*) newchunk->store + (ptrdiff_t)storesize * chkmem->elemsize);
   newchunk->eagerfree = NULL;
   newchunk->nexteager = NULL;
   newchunk->preveager = NULL;
   newchunk->chkmem = chkmem;
   newchunk->elemsize = chkmem->elemsize;
   newchunk->storesize = storesize;
   newchunk->eagerfreesize = 0;

   if( memsize != NULL )
      (*memsize) += ((long long)((long long)sizeof(CHUNK) + (long long)storesize * chkmem->elemsize));

   debugMessage("allocated new chunk %p: %d elements with size %d\n", (void*)newchunk, newchunk->storesize, newchunk->elemsize);

   /* add new memory to the lazy free list
    * (due to the BMSisAligned assert above, we know that elemsize is divisible by the size of pointers)
    */
   for( i = 0; i < newchunk->storesize - 1; ++i )
   {
      freelist = (FREELIST*) newchunk->store + (ptrdiff_t)i * chkmem->elemsize / (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(FREELIST*); /*lint !e573 !e647*/
      freelist->next = (FREELIST*) newchunk->store + ((ptrdiff_t)i + 1) * chkmem->elemsize / (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(FREELIST*); /*lint !e573 !e647*/
   }

   freelist = (FREELIST*) newchunk->store + ((ptrdiff_t) newchunk->storesize - 1) * chkmem->elemsize / (ptrdiff_t)sizeof(FREELIST*); /*lint !e573 !e647*/
   freelist->next = chkmem->lazyfree;
   chkmem->lazyfree = (FREELIST*) (newchunk->store);
   chkmem->lazyfreesize += newchunk->storesize;

   /* link chunk into chunk block */
   retval = linkChunk(chkmem, newchunk);

   checkChkmem(chkmem);

   return retval;
}

/** destroys a chunk without updating the chunk lists */
static
void destroyChunk(
   CHUNK**               chunk,              /**< memory chunk */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(*chunk != NULL);

   debugMessage("destroying chunk %p\n", (void*)*chunk);

   if( memsize != NULL )
      (*memsize) -= ((long long)sizeof(CHUNK) + (long long)(*chunk)->storesize * (*chunk)->elemsize);

   /* free chunk header and store (allocated in one call) */
   BMSfreeMemory(chunk);
}

/** removes a completely unused chunk, i.e. a chunk with all elements in the eager free list */
static
void freeChunk(
   CHUNK**               chunk,              /**< memory chunk */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(*chunk != NULL);
   assert((*chunk)->store != NULL);
   assert((*chunk)->eagerfree != NULL);
   assert((*chunk)->chkmem != NULL);
   assert((*chunk)->chkmem->rootchunk != NULL);
   assert((*chunk)->chkmem->firsteager != NULL);
   assert((*chunk)->eagerfreesize == (*chunk)->storesize);

   debugMessage("freeing chunk %p of chunk block %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)*chunk, (void*)(*chunk)->chkmem, (*chunk)->chkmem->elemsize);

   /* count the deleted eager free slots */
   (*chunk)->chkmem->eagerfreesize -= (*chunk)->eagerfreesize;
   assert((*chunk)->chkmem->eagerfreesize >= 0);

   /* remove chunk from eager chunk list */
   unlinkEagerChunk(*chunk);

   /* remove chunk from chunk list */
   unlinkChunk(*chunk);

   /* destroy the chunk */
   destroyChunk(chunk, memsize);
}

/** returns an element of the eager free list and removes it from the list */
static
void* allocChunkElement(
   CHUNK*                chunk               /**< memory chunk */
   )
{
   FREELIST* ptr;

   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->eagerfree != NULL);
   assert(chunk->eagerfreesize > 0);
   assert(chunk->chkmem != NULL);

   debugMessage("allocating chunk element in chunk %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)chunk, chunk->chkmem->elemsize);

   /* unlink first element in the eager free list */
   ptr = chunk->eagerfree;
   chunk->eagerfree = ptr->next;
   chunk->eagerfreesize--;
   chunk->chkmem->eagerfreesize--;

   assert((chunk->eagerfreesize == 0 && chunk->eagerfree == NULL)
      ||  (chunk->eagerfreesize != 0 && chunk->eagerfree != NULL));
   assert(chunk->chkmem->eagerfreesize >= 0);

   /* unlink chunk from eager chunk list if necessary */
   if( chunk->eagerfree == NULL )
   {
      assert(chunk->eagerfreesize == 0);
      unlinkEagerChunk(chunk);
   }

   checkChunk(chunk);

   return (void*) ptr;
}

/** puts given pointer into the eager free list and adds the chunk to the eager list of its chunk block, if necessary */
static
void freeChunkElement(
   CHUNK*                chunk,              /**< memory chunk */
   void*                 ptr                 /**< pointer */
   )
{
   assert(chunk != NULL);
   assert(chunk->chkmem != NULL);
   assert(isPtrInChunk(chunk, ptr));

   debugMessage("freeing chunk element %p of chunk %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)ptr, (void*)chunk, chunk->chkmem->elemsize);

   /* link chunk to the eager chunk list if necessary */
   if( chunk->eagerfree == NULL )
   {
      assert(chunk->eagerfreesize == 0);
      linkEagerChunk(chunk->chkmem, chunk);
   }

   /* add ptr to the chunks eager free list */
   ((FREELIST*)ptr)->next = chunk->eagerfree;
   chunk->eagerfree = (FREELIST*)ptr;
   chunk->eagerfreesize++;
   chunk->chkmem->eagerfreesize++;

   checkChunk(chunk);
}

/** creates a new chunk block data structure */
static
BMS_CHKMEM* createChkmem(
   int                   size,               /**< element size of the chunk block */
   int                   initchunksize,      /**< number of elements in the first chunk of the chunk block */
   int                   garbagefactor,      /**< garbage collector is called, if at least garbagefactor * avg. chunksize
                                              *   elements are free (-1: disable garbage collection) */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;

   assert(size >= 0);
   assert(BMSisAligned((size_t)size)); /*lint !e571*/

   BMSallocMemory(&chkmem);
   if( chkmem == NULL )
      return NULL;

   chkmem->lazyfree = NULL;
   chkmem->rootchunk = NULL;
   chkmem->firsteager = NULL;
   chkmem->nextchkmem = NULL;
   chkmem->elemsize = size;
   chkmem->nchunks = 0;
   chkmem->lastchunksize = 0;
   chkmem->storesize = 0;
   chkmem->lazyfreesize = 0;
   chkmem->eagerfreesize = 0;
   chkmem->initchunksize = initchunksize;
   chkmem->garbagefactor = garbagefactor;
#ifndef NDEBUG
   chkmem->filename = NULL;
   chkmem->line = 0;
   chkmem->ngarbagecalls = 0;
   chkmem->ngarbagefrees = 0;
#endif

   if( memsize != NULL )
      (*memsize) += (long long)sizeof(BMS_CHKMEM);

   return chkmem;
}

/** destroys all chunks of the chunk block, but keeps the chunk block header structure */
static
void clearChkmem(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   /* destroy all chunks of the chunk block */
   FOR_EACH_NODE(CHUNK*, chunk, chkmem->rootchunk,
   {
      SCIPrbtreeDelete(&chkmem->rootchunk, chunk);
      destroyChunk(&chunk, memsize);
   })

   chkmem->lazyfree = NULL;
   chkmem->firsteager = NULL;
   chkmem->nchunks = 0;
   chkmem->lastchunksize = 0;
   chkmem->storesize = 0;
   chkmem->lazyfreesize = 0;
   chkmem->eagerfreesize = 0;
}

/** deletes chunk block and frees all associated memory chunks */
static
void destroyChkmem(
   BMS_CHKMEM**          chkmem,             /**< pointer to chunk block */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert(*chkmem != NULL);

   clearChkmem(*chkmem, memsize);

#ifndef NDEBUG
   BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*chkmem)->filename);
#endif

   if( memsize != NULL )
      (*memsize) -= (long long)(sizeof(BMS_CHKMEM));

   BMSfreeMemory(chkmem);
}

/** allocates a new memory element from the chunk block */
static
void* allocChkmemElement(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   FREELIST* ptr;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   /* if the lazy freelist is empty, we have to find the memory element somewhere else */
   if( chkmem->lazyfree == NULL )
   {
      assert(chkmem->lazyfreesize == 0);

      /* check for a free element in the eager freelists */
      if( chkmem->firsteager != NULL )
         return allocChunkElement(chkmem->firsteager);

      /* allocate a new chunk */
      if( !createChunk(chkmem, memsize) )
         return NULL;
   }

   /* now the lazy freelist should contain an element */
   assert(chkmem->lazyfree != NULL);
   assert(chkmem->lazyfreesize > 0);

   ptr = chkmem->lazyfree;
   chkmem->lazyfree = ptr->next;
   chkmem->lazyfreesize--;

   checkChkmem(chkmem);

   return (void*) ptr;
}

/** sorts the lazy free list of the chunk block into the eager free lists of the chunks, and removes completely
 *  unused chunks
 */
static
void garbagecollectChkmem(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   long long*            memsize             /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   )
{
   CHUNK* chunk;
   CHUNK* nexteager;
   FREELIST* lazyfree;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   debugMessage("garbage collection for chunk block %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)chkmem, chkmem->elemsize);

   /* check, if the chunk block is completely unused */
   if( chkmem->lazyfreesize + chkmem->eagerfreesize == chkmem->storesize )
   {
      clearChkmem(chkmem, memsize);
      return;
   }

#ifndef NDEBUG
   chkmem->ngarbagecalls++;
#endif

   /* put the lazy free elements into the eager free lists */
   while( chkmem->lazyfree != NULL )
   {
      /* unlink first element from the lazy free list */
      lazyfree = chkmem->lazyfree;
      chkmem->lazyfree = chkmem->lazyfree->next;
      chkmem->lazyfreesize--;

      /* identify the chunk of the element */
      chunk = findChunk(chkmem, (void*)lazyfree);
#ifndef NDEBUG
      if( chunk == NULL )
      {
         errorMessage("chunk for lazy free chunk %p not found in chunk block %p\n", (void*)lazyfree, (void*)chkmem);
      }
#endif
      assert(chunk != NULL);

      /* add the element to the chunk's eager free list */
      freeChunkElement(chunk, (void*)lazyfree);
      assert(chunk->eagerfreesize > 0);
   }
   assert(chkmem->lazyfreesize == 0);

   /* delete completely unused chunks, but keep at least one */
   chunk = chkmem->firsteager;
   while( chunk != NULL && chkmem->nchunks > 1 )
   {
      nexteager = chunk->nexteager;
      if( chunk->eagerfreesize == chunk->storesize )
      {
#ifndef NDEBUG
         chkmem->ngarbagefrees++;
#endif
         freeChunk(&chunk, memsize);
      }
      chunk = nexteager;
   }

   checkChkmem(chkmem);
}

/** frees a memory element and returns it to the lazy freelist of the chunk block */ /*lint -e715*/
static
void freeChkmemElement(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   void*                 ptr,                /**< memory element */
   long long*            memsize,            /**< pointer to total size of allocated memory (or NULL) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert(ptr != NULL);

#if ( defined(CHECKMEM) || defined(CHECKCHKFREE) )
   /* check, if ptr belongs to the chunk block */
   if( !isPtrInChkmem(chkmem, ptr) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Pointer %p does not belong to chunk block %p (size: %d).\n", ptr, chkmem, chkmem->elemsize);
   }
#endif

   /* put ptr in lazy free list */
   ((FREELIST*)ptr)->next = chkmem->lazyfree;
   chkmem->lazyfree = (FREELIST*)ptr;
   chkmem->lazyfreesize++;

   /* check if we want to apply garbage collection */
   if( chkmem->garbagefactor >= 0 && chkmem->nchunks > 0 && chkmem->lazyfreesize >= GARBAGE_SIZE
      && chkmem->lazyfreesize + chkmem->eagerfreesize
      > chkmem->garbagefactor * (double)(chkmem->storesize) / (double)(chkmem->nchunks) )
   {
      garbagecollectChkmem(chkmem, memsize);
   }

   checkChkmem(chkmem);
}

/** creates a new chunk block data structure */
BMS_CHKMEM* BMScreateChunkMemory_call(
   size_t                size,               /**< element size of the chunk block */
   int                   initchunksize,      /**< number of elements in the first chunk of the chunk block */
   int                   garbagefactor,      /**< garbage collector is called, if at least garbagefactor * avg. chunksize 
                                              *   elements are free (-1: disable garbage collection) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;

   alignSize(&size);
   chkmem = createChkmem((int) size, initchunksize, garbagefactor, NULL);
   if( chkmem == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for chunk block.\n");
   }
   debugMessage("created chunk memory %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)chkmem, (int)size);

   return chkmem;
}

/** clears a chunk block data structure */
void BMSclearChunkMemory_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   debugMessage("clearing chunk memory %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)chkmem, chkmem->elemsize);

   if( chkmem != NULL )
      clearChkmem(chkmem, NULL);
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to clear null chunk block.\n");
   }
}

/** destroys and frees a chunk block data structure */
void BMSdestroyChunkMemory_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM**          chkmem,             /**< pointer to chunk block */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   debugMessage("destroying chunk memory %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)*chkmem, (*chkmem)->elemsize);

   if( *chkmem != NULL )
      destroyChkmem(chkmem, NULL);
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to destroy null chunk block.\n");
   }
}

/** allocates a memory element of the given chunk block */
void* BMSallocChunkMemory_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate (only needed for sanity check) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert((int)size == chkmem->elemsize);

   /* get memory inside the chunk block */
   ptr = allocChkmemElement(chkmem, NULL);
   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for new chunk.\n");
   }
   debugMessage("alloced %8llu bytes in %p [%s:%d]\n", (unsigned long long)size, (void*)ptr, filename, line);

   checkChkmem(chkmem);

   return ptr;
}

/** duplicates a given memory element by allocating a new element of the same chunk block and copying the data */
void* BMSduplicateChunkMemory_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   const void*           source,             /**< source memory element */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate (only needed for sanity check) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert(source != NULL);
   assert((int)size == chkmem->elemsize);

   ptr = BMSallocChunkMemory_call(chkmem, size, filename, line);
   if( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(ptr, source, chkmem->elemsize);

   return ptr;
}

/** frees a memory element of the given chunk block and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeChunkMemory_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element to free */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate (only needed for sanity check) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert((int)size == chkmem->elemsize);
   assert( ptr != NULL );

   if ( *ptr != NULL )
   {
      debugMessage("free    %8d bytes in %p [%s:%d]\n", chkmem->elemsize, *ptr, filename, line);

      /* free memory in chunk block */
      freeChkmemElement(chkmem, *ptr, NULL, filename, line);
      checkChkmem(chkmem);
      *ptr = NULL;
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free null chunk pointer.\n");
   }
}

/** frees a memory element of the given chunk block if pointer is not NULL and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeChunkMemoryNull_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem,             /**< chunk block */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element to free */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate (only needed for sanity check) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);
   assert((int)size == chkmem->elemsize);
   assert( ptr != NULL );

   if ( *ptr != NULL )
   {
      debugMessage("free    %8d bytes in %p [%s:%d]\n", chkmem->elemsize, *ptr, filename, line);

      /* free memory in chunk block */
      freeChkmemElement(chkmem, *ptr, NULL, filename, line);
      checkChkmem(chkmem);
      *ptr = NULL;
   }
}

/** calls garbage collection of chunk block and frees chunks without allocated memory elements */
void BMSgarbagecollectChunkMemory_call(
   BMS_CHKMEM*           chkmem              /**< chunk block */
   )
{
   debugMessage("garbage collection on chunk memory %p [elemsize: %d]\n", (void*)chkmem, chkmem->elemsize);

   garbagecollectChkmem(chkmem, NULL);
}

/** returns the number of allocated bytes in the chunk block */
long long BMSgetChunkMemoryUsed_call(
   const BMS_CHKMEM*     chkmem              /**< chunk block */
   )
{
   assert(chkmem != NULL);

   return ((long long)(chkmem->elemsize) * (long long)(chkmem->storesize));
}




/***********************************************************
 * Block Memory Management
 *
 * Efficient memory management for objects of varying sizes
 ***********************************************************/

/* for a definition of the struct, see above */


/*
 * debugging methods
 */

#ifdef CHECKMEM
static
void checkBlkmem(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   const BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;
   long long tmpmemalloc = 0LL;
   long long tmpmemused = 0LL;
   int i;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);
   assert(blkmem->chkmemhash != NULL);

   for( i = 0; i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
   {
      chkmem = blkmem->chkmemhash[i];
      while( chkmem != NULL )
      {
         checkChkmem(chkmem);
         tmpmemalloc += ((chkmem->elemsize * chkmem->storesize) + chkmem->nchunks * sizeof(CHUNK) + sizeof(BMS_CHKMEM));
         tmpmemused += (chkmem->elemsize * (chkmem->storesize - chkmem->eagerfreesize - chkmem->lazyfreesize));
         chkmem = chkmem->nextchkmem;
      }
   }
   assert(tmpmemalloc == blkmem->memallocated);
   assert(tmpmemused == blkmem->memused);
}
#else
#define checkBlkmem(blkmem) /**/
#endif


/** finds the chunk block, to whick the given pointer belongs to
 *
 *  This could be done by selecting the chunk block of the corresponding element size, but in a case of an
 *  error (free gives an incorrect element size), we want to identify and output the correct element size.
 */
static
BMS_CHKMEM* findChkmem(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   const void*           ptr                 /**< memory element to search */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;
   int i;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   chkmem = NULL;
   for( i = 0; chkmem == NULL && i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
   {
      chkmem = blkmem->chkmemhash[i];
      while( chkmem != NULL && !isPtrInChkmem(chkmem, ptr) )
         chkmem = chkmem->nextchkmem;
   }

   return chkmem;
}

/** calculates hash number of memory size */
static
int getHashNumber(
   int                   size                /**< element size */
   )
{
   assert(size >= 0);
   assert(BMSisAligned((size_t)size)); /*lint !e571*/

   return (int) (((uint32_t)size * UINT32_C(0x9e3779b9))>>(32-CHKHASH_POWER));
}

/** creates a block memory allocation data structure */
BMS_BLKMEM* BMScreateBlockMemory_call(
   int                   initchunksize,      /**< number of elements in the first chunk of each chunk block */
   int                   garbagefactor,      /**< garbage collector is called, if at least garbagefactor * avg. chunksize 
                                              *   elements are free (-1: disable garbage collection) */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   BMS_BLKMEM* blkmem;
   int i;

   BMSallocMemory(&blkmem);
   if( blkmem != NULL )
   {
      for( i = 0; i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
         blkmem->chkmemhash[i] = NULL;
      blkmem->initchunksize = initchunksize;
      blkmem->garbagefactor = garbagefactor;
      blkmem->memused = 0;
      blkmem->memallocated = 0;
      blkmem->maxmemused = 0;
      blkmem->maxmemunused = 0;
      blkmem->maxmemallocated = 0;
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for block memory header.\n");
   }

   return blkmem;
}

/** frees all chunk blocks in the block memory */
void BMSclearBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;
   BMS_CHKMEM* nextchkmem;
   int i;

   if( blkmem != NULL )
   {
      for( i = 0; i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
      {
         chkmem = blkmem->chkmemhash[i];
         while( chkmem != NULL )
         {
            nextchkmem = chkmem->nextchkmem;
            destroyChkmem(&chkmem, &blkmem->memallocated);
            chkmem = nextchkmem;
         }
         blkmem->chkmemhash[i] = NULL;
      }
      blkmem->memused = 0;
      assert(blkmem->memallocated == 0);
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to clear null block memory.\n");
   }
}

/** clears and deletes block memory */
void BMSdestroyBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM**          blkmem,             /**< pointer to block memory */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   if( *blkmem != NULL )
   {
      BMSclearBlockMemory_call(*blkmem, filename, line);
      BMSfreeMemory(blkmem);
      assert(*blkmem == NULL);
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to destroy null block memory.\n");
   }
}

/** work for allocating memory in the block memory pool */
INLINE static
void* BMSallocBlockMemory_work(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM** chkmemptr;
   int hashnumber;
   void* ptr;

   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   /* calculate hash number of given size */
   alignSize(&size);
   hashnumber = getHashNumber((int)size);

   /* find correspoding chunk block */
   chkmemptr = &(blkmem->chkmemhash[hashnumber]);
   while( *chkmemptr != NULL && (*chkmemptr)->elemsize != (int)size )
      chkmemptr = &((*chkmemptr)->nextchkmem);

   /* create new chunk block if necessary */
   if( *chkmemptr == NULL  )
   {
      *chkmemptr = createChkmem((int)size, blkmem->initchunksize, blkmem->garbagefactor, &blkmem->memallocated);
      if( *chkmemptr == NULL )
      {
         printErrorHeader(filename, line);
         printError("Insufficient memory for chunk block.\n");
         return NULL;
      }
#ifndef NDEBUG
      BMSduplicateMemoryArray(&(*chkmemptr)->filename, filename, strlen(filename) + 1);
      (*chkmemptr)->line = line;
#endif
   }

   /* get memory inside the chunk block */
   ptr = allocChkmemElement(*chkmemptr, &blkmem->memallocated);

   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for new chunk.\n");
   }
   debugMessage("alloced %8llu bytes in %p [%s:%d]\n", (unsigned long long)size, ptr, filename, line);

   /* add the used memory */
   blkmem->memused += (long long) size;
   blkmem->maxmemused = MAX(blkmem->maxmemused, blkmem->memused);
   blkmem->maxmemunused = MAX(blkmem->maxmemunused, blkmem->memallocated - blkmem->memused);
   blkmem->maxmemallocated = MAX(blkmem->maxmemallocated, blkmem->memallocated);

   assert(blkmem->memused >= 0);
   assert(blkmem->memallocated >= 0);

   checkBlkmem(blkmem);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates memory in the block memory pool */
void* BMSallocBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( size > MAXMEMSIZE )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate block of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   return BMSallocBlockMemory_work(blkmem, size, filename, line);
}

/** allocates memory in the block memory pool and clears it */
void* BMSallocClearBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element to allocate */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   ptr = BMSallocBlockMemory_call(blkmem, size, filename, line);
   if( ptr != NULL )
      BMSclearMemorySize(ptr, size);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates array in the block memory pool */
void* BMSallocBlockMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be allocated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( num > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate block of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   return BMSallocBlockMemory_work(blkmem, num * typesize, filename, line);
}

/** allocates array in the block memory pool and clears it */
void* BMSallocClearBlockMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be allocated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   ptr = BMSallocBlockMemoryArray_call(blkmem, num, typesize, filename, line);
   if ( ptr != NULL )
      BMSclearMemorySize(ptr, num * typesize);

   return ptr;
}

/** resizes memory element in the block memory pool and copies the data */
void* BMSreallocBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   void*                 ptr,                /**< memory element to reallocated */
   size_t                oldsize,            /**< old size of memory element */
   size_t                newsize,            /**< new size of memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* newptr;

   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      assert(oldsize == 0);
      return BMSallocBlockMemory_call(blkmem, newsize, filename, line);
   }

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( newsize > MAXMEMSIZE )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate block of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   alignSize(&oldsize);
   alignSize(&newsize);
   if( oldsize == newsize )
      return ptr;

   newptr = BMSallocBlockMemory_call(blkmem, newsize, filename, line);
   if( newptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(newptr, ptr, MIN(oldsize, newsize));
   BMSfreeBlockMemory_call(blkmem, &ptr, oldsize, filename, line);

   return newptr;
}

/** resizes array in the block memory pool and copies the data */
void* BMSreallocBlockMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   void*                 ptr,                /**< memory element to reallocated */
   size_t                oldnum,             /**< old size of array */
   size_t                newnum,             /**< new size of array */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* newptr;

   if( ptr == NULL )
   {
      assert(oldnum == 0);
      return BMSallocBlockMemoryArray_call(blkmem, newnum, typesize, filename, line);
   }

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( newnum > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate array of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   if ( oldnum == newnum )
      return ptr;

   newptr = BMSallocBlockMemoryArray_call(blkmem, newnum, typesize, filename, line);
   if ( newptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(newptr, ptr, MIN(oldnum, newnum) * typesize);
   BMSfreeBlockMemory_call(blkmem, &ptr, oldnum * typesize, filename, line);

   return newptr;
}

/** duplicates memory element in the block memory pool and copies the data */
void* BMSduplicateBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   const void*           source,             /**< memory element to duplicate */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory elements */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(source != NULL);

   ptr = BMSallocBlockMemory_call(blkmem, size, filename, line);
   if( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(ptr, source, size);

   return ptr;
}

/** duplicates array in the block memory pool and copies the data */
void* BMSduplicateBlockMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   const void*           source,             /**< memory element to duplicate */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be duplicated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of each component */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert(source != NULL);

   ptr = BMSallocBlockMemoryArray_call(blkmem, num, typesize, filename, line);
   if( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(ptr, source, num * typesize);

   return ptr;
}

/** common work for freeing block memory */
INLINE static
void BMSfreeBlockMemory_work(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element to free */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;
   int hashnumber;

   assert(ptr != NULL);
   assert(*ptr != NULL);

   /* calculate hash number of given size */
   alignSize(&size);
   hashnumber = getHashNumber((int)size);

   debugMessage("free    %8llu bytes in %p [%s:%d]\n", (unsigned long long)size, *ptr, filename, line);

   /* find correspoding chunk block */
   assert( blkmem->chkmemhash != NULL );
   chkmem = blkmem->chkmemhash[hashnumber];
   while( chkmem != NULL && chkmem->elemsize != (int)size )
      chkmem = chkmem->nextchkmem;
   if( chkmem == NULL )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free pointer <%p> in block memory <%p> of unknown size %llu.\n", *ptr, (void*)blkmem, (unsigned long long)size);
      return;
   }
   assert(chkmem->elemsize == (int)size);

   /* free memory in chunk block */
   freeChkmemElement(chkmem, *ptr, &blkmem->memallocated, filename, line);
   blkmem->memused -= (long long) size;

   blkmem->maxmemunused = MAX(blkmem->maxmemunused, blkmem->memallocated - blkmem->memused);

   assert(blkmem->memused >= 0);
   assert(blkmem->memallocated >= 0);

   checkBlkmem(blkmem);

   *ptr = NULL;
}

/** frees memory element in the block memory pool and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element to free */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );
   assert( ptr != NULL );

   if( *ptr != NULL )
      BMSfreeBlockMemory_work(blkmem, ptr, size, filename, line);
   else if( size != 0 )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free null block pointer.\n");
   }
   checkBlkmem(blkmem);
}

/** frees memory element in the block memory pool if pointer is not NULL and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeBlockMemoryNull_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to memory element to free */
   size_t                size,               /**< size of memory element */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );
   assert( ptr != NULL );

   if( *ptr != NULL )
   {
      BMSfreeBlockMemory_work(blkmem, ptr, size, filename, line);
   }
   checkBlkmem(blkmem);
}

/** calls garbage collection of block memory, frees chunks without allocated memory elements, and frees
 *  chunk blocks without any chunks
 */
void BMSgarbagecollectBlockMemory_call(
   BMS_BLKMEM*           blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   int i;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   for( i = 0; i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
   {
      BMS_CHKMEM** chkmemptr;

      chkmemptr = &blkmem->chkmemhash[i];
      while( *chkmemptr != NULL )
      {
         garbagecollectChkmem(*chkmemptr, &blkmem->memallocated);
         checkBlkmem(blkmem);
         if( (*chkmemptr)->nchunks == 0 )
         {
            BMS_CHKMEM* nextchkmem;

            assert((*chkmemptr)->lazyfreesize == 0);
            nextchkmem = (*chkmemptr)->nextchkmem;
            destroyChkmem(chkmemptr, &blkmem->memallocated);
            *chkmemptr = nextchkmem;
            checkBlkmem(blkmem);
         }
         else
            chkmemptr = &(*chkmemptr)->nextchkmem;
      }
   }
}

/** returns the number of allocated bytes in the block memory */
long long BMSgetBlockMemoryAllocated_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   return blkmem->memallocated;
}

/** returns the number of used bytes in the block memory */
long long BMSgetBlockMemoryUsed_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   return blkmem->memused;
}

/** returns the number of allocated but not used bytes in the block memory */
long long BMSgetBlockMemoryUnused_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   return blkmem->memallocated - blkmem->memused;
}

/** returns the maximal number of used bytes in the block memory */
long long BMSgetBlockMemoryUsedMax_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   return blkmem->maxmemused;
}

/** returns the maximal number of allocated but not used bytes in the block memory */
long long BMSgetBlockMemoryUnusedMax_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   return blkmem->maxmemunused;
}

/** returns the maximal number of allocated bytes in the block memory */
long long BMSgetBlockMemoryAllocatedMax_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   assert( blkmem != NULL );

   return blkmem->maxmemallocated;
}

/** returns the size of the given memory element; returns 0, if the element is not member of the block memory */
size_t BMSgetBlockPointerSize_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem,             /**< block memory */
   const void*           ptr                 /**< memory element */
   )
{
   const BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   if( ptr == NULL )
      return 0;

   chkmem = findChkmem(blkmem, ptr);
   if( chkmem == NULL )
      return 0;

   return (size_t)(chkmem->elemsize); /*lint !e571*/
}

/** outputs allocation diagnostics of block memory */
void BMSdisplayBlockMemory_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   const BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;
   int nblocks = 0;
   int nunusedblocks = 0;
   int totalnchunks = 0;
   int totalneagerchunks = 0;
   int totalnelems = 0;
   int totalneagerelems = 0;
   int totalnlazyelems = 0;
#ifndef NDEBUG
   int totalngarbagecalls = 0;
   int totalngarbagefrees = 0;
#endif
   long long allocedmem = 0;
   long long freemem = 0;
   int i;

#ifndef NDEBUG
   printInfo(" ElSize #Chunk #Eag  #Elems  #EagFr  #LazFr  #GCl #GFr  Free  MBytes First Allocator\n");
#else
   printInfo(" ElSize #Chunk #Eag  #Elems  #EagFr  #LazFr  Free  MBytes\n");
#endif

   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   for( i = 0; i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
   {
      chkmem = blkmem->chkmemhash[i];
      while( chkmem != NULL )
      {
         int nchunks = 0;
         int nelems = 0;
         int neagerchunks = 0;
         int neagerelems = 0;

         FOR_EACH_NODE(CHUNK*, chunk, chkmem->rootchunk,
         {
            assert(chunk != NULL);
            assert(chunk->elemsize == chkmem->elemsize);
            assert(chunk->chkmem == chkmem);
            nchunks++;
            nelems += chunk->storesize;
            if( chunk->eagerfree != NULL )
            {
               neagerchunks++;
               neagerelems += chunk->eagerfreesize;
            }
         })

         assert(nchunks == chkmem->nchunks);
         assert(nelems == chkmem->storesize);
         assert(neagerelems == chkmem->eagerfreesize);

         if( nelems > 0 )
         {
            nblocks++;
            allocedmem += (long long)chkmem->elemsize * (long long)nelems;
            freemem += (long long)chkmem->elemsize * ((long long)neagerelems + (long long)chkmem->lazyfreesize);

#ifndef NDEBUG
            printInfo("%7d %6d %4d %7d %7d %7d %5d %4d %5.1f%% %6.1f %s:%d\n",
            chkmem->elemsize, nchunks, neagerchunks, nelems,
            neagerelems, chkmem->lazyfreesize, chkmem->ngarbagecalls, chkmem->ngarbagefrees,
            100.0 * (double) (neagerelems + chkmem->lazyfreesize) / (double) (nelems),
               (double)chkmem->elemsize * nelems / (1024.0*1024.0),
               chkmem->filename, chkmem->line);
#else
            printInfo("%7d %6d %4d %7d %7d %7d %5.1f%% %6.1f\n",
            chkmem->elemsize, nchunks, neagerchunks, nelems,
            neagerelems, chkmem->lazyfreesize,
            100.0 * (double) (neagerelems + chkmem->lazyfreesize) / (double) (nelems),
               (double)chkmem->elemsize * nelems / (1024.0*1024.0));
#endif
         }
         else
         {
#ifndef NDEBUG
            printInfo("%7d <unused>                            %5d %4d        %s:%d\n",
            chkmem->elemsize, chkmem->ngarbagecalls, chkmem->ngarbagefrees,
               chkmem->filename, chkmem->line);
#else
            printInfo("%7d <unused>\n", chkmem->elemsize);
#endif
            nunusedblocks++;
         }
         totalnchunks += nchunks;
         totalneagerchunks += neagerchunks;
         totalnelems += nelems;
         totalneagerelems += neagerelems;
         totalnlazyelems += chkmem->lazyfreesize;
#ifndef NDEBUG
         totalngarbagecalls += chkmem->ngarbagecalls;
         totalngarbagefrees += chkmem->ngarbagefrees;
#endif
         chkmem = chkmem->nextchkmem;
      }
   }
#ifndef NDEBUG
   printInfo("  Total %6d %4d %7d %7d %7d %5d %4d %5.1f%% %6.1f\n",
      totalnchunks, totalneagerchunks, totalnelems, totalneagerelems, totalnlazyelems, 
      totalngarbagecalls, totalngarbagefrees,
      totalnelems > 0 ? 100.0 * (double) (totalneagerelems + totalnlazyelems) / (double) (totalnelems) : 0.0,
      (double)allocedmem/(1024.0*1024.0));
#else
   printInfo("  Total %6d %4d %7d %7d %7d %5.1f%% %6.1f\n",
      totalnchunks, totalneagerchunks, totalnelems, totalneagerelems, totalnlazyelems, 
      totalnelems > 0 ? 100.0 * (double) (totalneagerelems + totalnlazyelems) / (double) (totalnelems) : 0.0,
      (double)allocedmem/(1024.0*1024.0));
#endif
   printInfo("%d blocks (%d unused), %" LONGINT_FORMAT " bytes allocated, %" LONGINT_FORMAT " bytes free",
      nblocks + nunusedblocks, nunusedblocks, allocedmem, freemem);
   if( allocedmem > 0 )
      printInfo(" (%.1f%%)", 100.0 * (double) freemem / (double) allocedmem);
   printInfo("\n\n");

   printInfo("Memory Peaks:    Used    Lazy   Total\n");
   printInfo("               %6.1f  %6.1f  %6.1f MBytes\n", (double)blkmem->maxmemused / (1024.0 * 1024.0),
         (double)blkmem->maxmemunused / (1024.0 * 1024.0), (double)blkmem->maxmemallocated / (1024.0 * 1024.0));
}

/** outputs error messages, if there are allocated elements in the block memory and returns number of unfreed bytes */
long long BMScheckEmptyBlockMemory_call(
   const BMS_BLKMEM*     blkmem              /**< block memory */
   )
{
   const BMS_CHKMEM* chkmem;
   long long allocedmem = 0;
   long long freemem = 0;
   int i;

   assert(blkmem != NULL);

   for( i = 0; i < CHKHASH_SIZE; ++i )
   {
      chkmem = blkmem->chkmemhash[i];
      while( chkmem != NULL )
      {
         int nchunks = 0;
         int nelems = 0;
         int neagerelems = 0;

         FOR_EACH_NODE(CHUNK*, chunk, chkmem->rootchunk,
         {
            assert(chunk != NULL);
            assert(chunk->elemsize == chkmem->elemsize);
            assert(chunk->chkmem == chkmem);
            nchunks++;
            nelems += chunk->storesize;
            if( chunk->eagerfree != NULL )
               neagerelems += chunk->eagerfreesize;
         })

         assert(nchunks == chkmem->nchunks);
         assert(nelems == chkmem->storesize);
         assert(neagerelems == chkmem->eagerfreesize);

         if( nelems > 0 )
         {
            allocedmem += (long long)chkmem->elemsize * (long long)nelems;
            freemem += (long long)chkmem->elemsize * ((long long)neagerelems + (long long)chkmem->lazyfreesize);

            if( nelems != neagerelems + chkmem->lazyfreesize )
            {
#ifndef NDEBUG
               errorMessage("%" LONGINT_FORMAT " bytes (%d elements of size %" LONGINT_FORMAT ") not freed. First Allocator: %s:%d\n",
                  (((long long)nelems - (long long)neagerelems) - (long long)chkmem->lazyfreesize)
                  * (long long)(chkmem->elemsize),
                  (nelems - neagerelems) - chkmem->lazyfreesize, (long long)(chkmem->elemsize),
                  chkmem->filename, chkmem->line);
#else
               errorMessage("%" LONGINT_FORMAT " bytes (%d elements of size %" LONGINT_FORMAT ") not freed.\n",
                  ((nelems - neagerelems) - chkmem->lazyfreesize) * (long long)(chkmem->elemsize),
                  (nelems - neagerelems) - chkmem->lazyfreesize, (long long)(chkmem->elemsize));
#endif
            }
         }
         chkmem = chkmem->nextchkmem;
      }
   }

   if( allocedmem != freemem )
   {
      errorMessage("%" LONGINT_FORMAT " bytes not freed in total.\n", allocedmem - freemem);
   }

   return allocedmem - freemem;
}






/***********************************************************
 * Buffer Memory Management
 *
 * Efficient memory management for temporary objects
 ***********************************************************/

/** memory buffer storage for temporary objects */
struct BMS_BufMem
{
   void**                data;               /**< allocated memory chunks for arbitrary data */
   size_t*               size;               /**< sizes of buffers in bytes */
   unsigned int*         used;               /**< 1 iff corresponding buffer is in use */
   size_t                totalmem;           /**< total memory consumption of buffer */
   unsigned int          clean;              /**< 1 iff the memory blocks in the buffer should be initialized to zero? */
   size_t                ndata;              /**< number of memory chunks */
   size_t                firstfree;          /**< first unused memory chunk */
   double                arraygrowfac;       /**< memory growing factor for dynamically allocated arrays */
   unsigned int          arraygrowinit;      /**< initial size of dynamically allocated arrays */
};


/** creates memory buffer storage */
BMS_BUFMEM* BMScreateBufferMemory_call(
   double                arraygrowfac,       /**< memory growing factor for dynamically allocated arrays */
   int                   arraygrowinit,      /**< initial size of dynamically allocated arrays */
   unsigned int          clean,              /**< should the memory blocks in the buffer be initialized to zero? */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   BMS_BUFMEM* buffer;

   assert( arraygrowinit > 0 );
   assert( arraygrowfac > 0.0 );

   BMSallocMemory(&buffer);
   if ( buffer != NULL )
   {
      buffer->data = NULL;
      buffer->size = NULL;
      buffer->used = NULL;
      buffer->totalmem = 0UL;
      buffer->clean = clean;
      buffer->ndata = 0;
      buffer->firstfree = 0;
      buffer->arraygrowinit = (unsigned) arraygrowinit;
      buffer->arraygrowfac = arraygrowfac;
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Insufficient memory for buffer memory header.\n");
   }

   return buffer;
}

/** destroys buffer memory */
void BMSdestroyBufferMemory_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM**          buffer,             /**< pointer to memory buffer storage */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   size_t i;

   if ( *buffer != NULL )
   {
      i = (*buffer)->ndata;
      if ( i > 0 ) {
         for (--i ; ; i--)
         {
            assert( ! (*buffer)->used[i] );
            BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*buffer)->data[i]);
            if ( i == 0 )
               break;
         }
      }
      BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*buffer)->data);
      BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*buffer)->size);
      BMSfreeMemoryArrayNull(&(*buffer)->used);
      BMSfreeMemory(buffer);
   }
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free null buffer memory.\n");
   }
}

/** set arraygrowfac */
void BMSsetBufferMemoryArraygrowfac(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< pointer to memory buffer storage */
   double                arraygrowfac        /**< memory growing factor for dynamically allocated arrays */
   )
{
   assert( buffer != NULL );
   assert( arraygrowfac > 0.0 );

   buffer->arraygrowfac = arraygrowfac;
}

/** set arraygrowinit */
void BMSsetBufferMemoryArraygrowinit(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< pointer to memory buffer storage */
   int                   arraygrowinit       /**< initial size of dynamically allocated arrays */
   )
{
   assert( buffer != NULL );
   assert( arraygrowinit > 0 );

   buffer->arraygrowinit = (unsigned) arraygrowinit;
}

#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
/** calculate memory size for dynamically allocated arrays
 *
 *  This function is a copy of the function in set.c in order to be able to use memory.? separately.
 */
static
size_t calcMemoryGrowSize(
   size_t                initsize,           /**< initial size of array */
   SCIP_Real             growfac,            /**< growing factor of array */
   size_t                num                 /**< minimum number of entries to store */
   )
{
   size_t size;

   assert( growfac >= 1.0 );

   if ( growfac == 1.0 )
      size = MAX(initsize, num);
   else
   {
      size_t oldsize;

      /* calculate the size with this loop, such that the resulting numbers are always the same */
      initsize = MAX(initsize, 4);
      size = initsize;
      oldsize = size - 1;

      /* second condition checks against overflow */
      while ( size < num && size > oldsize )
      {
         oldsize = size;
         size = (size_t)(growfac * size + initsize);
      }

      /* if an overflow happened, set the correct value */
      if ( size <= oldsize )
         size = num;
   }

   assert( size >= initsize );
   assert( size >= num );

   return size;
}
#endif

/** work for allocating the next unused buffer */
INLINE static
void* BMSallocBufferMemory_work(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   size_t                size,               /**< minimal required size of the buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   /* cppcheck-suppress unassignedVariable */
   void* ptr;
#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
   size_t bufnum;
#endif

#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
   assert( buffer != NULL );
   assert( buffer->firstfree <= buffer->ndata );

   /* allocate a minimum of 1 byte */
   if ( size == 0 )
      size = 1;

   /* check, if we need additional buffers */
   if ( buffer->firstfree == buffer->ndata )
   {
      size_t newsize;
      size_t i;

      /* create additional buffers */
      newsize = calcMemoryGrowSize((size_t)buffer->arraygrowinit, buffer->arraygrowfac, buffer->firstfree + 1);
      BMSreallocMemoryArray(&buffer->data, newsize);
      if ( buffer->data == NULL )
      {
         printErrorHeader(filename, line);
         printError("Insufficient memory for reallocating buffer data storage.\n");
         return NULL;
      }
      BMSreallocMemoryArray(&buffer->size, newsize);
      if ( buffer->size == NULL )
      {
         printErrorHeader(filename, line);
         printError("Insufficient memory for reallocating buffer size storage.\n");
         return NULL;
      }
      BMSreallocMemoryArray(&buffer->used, newsize);
      if ( buffer->used == NULL )
      {
         printErrorHeader(filename, line);
         printError("Insufficient memory for reallocating buffer used storage.\n");
         return NULL;
      }

      /* init data */
      for (i = buffer->ndata; i < newsize; ++i)
      {
         buffer->data[i] = NULL;
         buffer->size[i] = 0;
         buffer->used[i] = FALSE;
      }
      buffer->ndata = newsize;
   }
   assert(buffer->firstfree < buffer->ndata);

   /* check, if the current buffer is large enough */
   bufnum = buffer->firstfree;
   assert( ! buffer->used[bufnum] );
   if ( buffer->size[bufnum] < size )
   {
      size_t newsize;

      /* enlarge buffer */
      newsize = calcMemoryGrowSize((size_t)buffer->arraygrowinit, buffer->arraygrowfac, size);
      BMSreallocMemorySize(&buffer->data[bufnum], newsize);

      /* clear new memory */
      if( buffer->clean )
      {
         char* tmpptr = (char*)(buffer->data[bufnum]);
         size_t inc = buffer->size[bufnum] / sizeof(*tmpptr);
         tmpptr += inc;

         BMSclearMemorySize(tmpptr, newsize - buffer->size[bufnum]);
      }
      assert( newsize > buffer->size[bufnum] );
      buffer->totalmem += newsize - buffer->size[bufnum];
      buffer->size[bufnum] = newsize;

      if ( buffer->data[bufnum] == NULL )
      {
         printErrorHeader(filename, line);
         printError("Insufficient memory for reallocating buffer storage.\n");
         return NULL;
      }
   }
   assert( buffer->size[bufnum] >= size );

#ifdef CHECKCLEANBUFFER
   /* check that the memory is cleared */
   if( buffer->clean )
   {
      char* tmpptr = (char*)(buffer->data[bufnum]);
      unsigned int inc = buffer->size[bufnum] / sizeof(*tmpptr);
      tmpptr += inc;

      while( --tmpptr >= (char*)(buffer->data[bufnum]) )
         assert(*tmpptr == '\0');
   }
#endif

   ptr = buffer->data[bufnum];
   buffer->used[bufnum] = TRUE;
   buffer->firstfree++;

   debugMessage("Allocated buffer %llu/%llu at %p of size %llu (required size: %llu) for pointer %p.\n",
      (unsigned long long)bufnum, (unsigned long long)(buffer->ndata), buffer->data[bufnum],
      (unsigned long long)(buffer->size[bufnum]), (unsigned long long)size, ptr);

#else
   if( buffer->clean )
   {
      /* we should allocate at least one byte, otherwise BMSallocMemorySize will fail */
      size = MAX(size,1);

      BMSallocClearMemorySize(&ptr, size);
   }
   else
   {
      BMSallocMemorySize(&ptr, size);
   }
#endif

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates the next unused buffer */
void* BMSallocBufferMemory_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   size_t                size,               /**< minimal required size of the buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( size > MAXMEMSIZE )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate buffer of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   return BMSallocBufferMemory_work(buffer, size, filename, line);
}

/** allocates the next unused buffer array */
void* BMSallocBufferMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be allocated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of components */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( num > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate buffer of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   return BMSallocBufferMemory_work(buffer, num * typesize, filename, line);
}

/** allocates the next unused buffer and clears it */
void* BMSallocClearBufferMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be allocated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of components */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   ptr = BMSallocBufferMemoryArray_call(buffer, num, typesize, filename, line);
   if ( ptr != NULL )
      BMSclearMemorySize(ptr, num * typesize);

   return ptr;
}

/** work for reallocating the buffer to at least the given size */
INLINE static
void* BMSreallocBufferMemory_work(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to the allocated memory buffer */
   size_t                size,               /**< minimal required size of the buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* newptr;
#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
   size_t bufnum;
#endif

#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
   assert( buffer != NULL );
   assert( buffer->firstfree <= buffer->ndata );
   assert(!buffer->clean); /* reallocating clean buffer elements is not supported */

   /* if the pointer doesn't exist yet, allocate it */
   if ( ptr == NULL )
      return BMSallocBufferMemory_call(buffer, size, filename, line);

   assert( buffer->firstfree >= 1 );

   /* Search the pointer in the buffer list:
    * Usually, buffers are allocated and freed like a stack, such that the currently used pointer is
    * most likely at the end of the buffer list.
    */
   bufnum = buffer->firstfree - 1;
   while ( bufnum > 0 && buffer->data[bufnum] != ptr )
      --bufnum;

   newptr = ptr;
   assert( buffer->data[bufnum] == newptr );
   assert( buffer->used[bufnum] );
   assert( buffer->size[bufnum] >= 1 );

   /* check if the buffer has to be enlarged */
   if ( size > buffer->size[bufnum] )
   {
      size_t newsize;

      /* enlarge buffer */
      newsize = calcMemoryGrowSize((size_t)buffer->arraygrowinit, buffer->arraygrowfac, size);
      BMSreallocMemorySize(&buffer->data[bufnum], newsize);
      assert( newsize > buffer->size[bufnum] );
      buffer->totalmem += newsize - buffer->size[bufnum];
      buffer->size[bufnum] = newsize;
      if ( buffer->data[bufnum] == NULL )
      {
         printErrorHeader(filename, line);
         printError("Insufficient memory for reallocating buffer storage.\n");
         return NULL;
      }
      newptr = buffer->data[bufnum];
   }
   assert( buffer->size[bufnum] >= size );
   assert( newptr == buffer->data[bufnum] );

   debugMessage("Reallocated buffer %llu/%llu at %p to size %llu (required size: %llu) for pointer %p.\n",
      (unsigned long long)bufnum, (unsigned long long)(buffer->ndata), buffer->data[bufnum],
      (unsigned long long)(buffer->size[bufnum]), (unsigned long long)size, newptr);

#else
   newptr = ptr;
   BMSreallocMemorySize(&newptr, size);
#endif

   return newptr;
}

/** reallocates the buffer to at least the given size */
void* BMSreallocBufferMemory_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to the allocated memory buffer */
   size_t                size,               /**< minimal required size of the buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( size > MAXMEMSIZE )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate buffer of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   return BMSreallocBufferMemory_work(buffer, ptr, size, filename, line);
}

/** reallocates an array in the buffer to at least the given size */
void* BMSreallocBufferMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   void*                 ptr,                /**< pointer to the allocated memory buffer */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be allocated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of components */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( num > (MAXMEMSIZE / typesize) )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to allocate array of size exceeding %lu.\n", MAXMEMSIZE);
      return NULL;
   }
#endif

   return BMSreallocBufferMemory_work(buffer, ptr, num * typesize, filename, line);
}

/** allocates the next unused buffer and copies the given memory into the buffer */
void* BMSduplicateBufferMemory_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   const void*           source,             /**< memory block to copy into the buffer */
   size_t                size,               /**< minimal required size of the buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert( source != NULL );

   /* allocate a buffer of the given size */
   ptr = BMSallocBufferMemory_call(buffer, size, filename, line);

   /* copy the source memory into the buffer */
   if ( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(ptr, source, size);

   return ptr;
}

/** allocates an array in the next unused buffer and copies the given memory into the buffer */
void* BMSduplicateBufferMemoryArray_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   const void*           source,             /**< memory block to copy into the buffer */
   size_t                num,                /**< size of array to be allocated */
   size_t                typesize,           /**< size of components */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{
   void* ptr;

   assert( source != NULL );

   /* allocate a buffer of the given size */
   ptr = BMSallocBufferMemoryArray_call(buffer, num, typesize, filename, line);

   /* copy the source memory into the buffer */
   if ( ptr != NULL )
      BMScopyMemorySize(ptr, source, num * typesize);

   return ptr;
}

/** work for freeing a buffer */
INLINE static
void BMSfreeBufferMemory_work(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to the allocated memory buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   size_t bufnum;

   assert( buffer != NULL );
   assert( buffer->firstfree <= buffer->ndata );
   assert( buffer->firstfree >= 1 );
   assert( ptr != NULL );
   assert( *ptr != NULL );

   /* Search the pointer in the buffer list:
    * Usually, buffers are allocated and freed like a stack, such that the freed pointer is
    * most likely at the end of the buffer list.
    */
   bufnum = buffer->firstfree-1;
   while ( bufnum > 0 && buffer->data[bufnum] != *ptr )
      --bufnum;

#ifdef CHECKBUFFERORDER
   if ( bufnum < buffer->firstfree - 1 )
   {
      warningMessage("[%s:%d]: freeing buffer in wrong order.\n", filename, line);
   }
#endif

#ifndef NDEBUG
   if ( bufnum == 0 && buffer->data[bufnum] != *ptr )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free unkown buffer pointer.\n");
      return;
   }
   if ( ! buffer->used[bufnum] )
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free buffer pointer already freed.\n");
      return;
   }
#endif

#ifdef CHECKCLEANBUFFER
   /* check that the memory is cleared */
   if( buffer->clean )
   {
      size_t i;
      uint8_t* tmpptr = (uint8_t*)(buffer->data[bufnum]);

      for( i = 0; i < buffer->size[bufnum]; ++i )
         assert(tmpptr[i] == 0);
   }
#endif

   assert( buffer->data[bufnum] == *ptr );
   buffer->used[bufnum] = FALSE;

   while ( buffer->firstfree > 0 && !buffer->used[buffer->firstfree-1] )
      --buffer->firstfree;

   debugMessage("Freed buffer %llu/%llu at %p of size %llu for pointer %p, first free is %llu.\n",
      (unsigned long long)bufnum, (unsigned long long)(buffer->ndata), buffer->data[bufnum],
      (unsigned long long)(buffer->size[bufnum]), *ptr, (unsigned long long)(buffer->firstfree));

   *ptr = NULL;
}

/** frees a buffer and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeBufferMemory_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to the allocated memory buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   assert( ptr != NULL );

#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
   if ( *ptr != NULL )
      BMSfreeBufferMemory_work(buffer, ptr, filename, line);
   else
   {
      printErrorHeader(filename, line);
      printError("Tried to free null buffer pointer.\n");
   }
#else
   BMSfreeMemory(ptr);
#endif
}

/** frees a buffer if pointer is not NULL and sets pointer to NULL */
void BMSfreeBufferMemoryNull_call(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer,             /**< memory buffer storage */
   void**                ptr,                /**< pointer to pointer to the allocated memory buffer */
   const char*           filename,           /**< source file of the function call */
   int                   line                /**< line number in source file of the function call */
   )
{  /*lint --e{715}*/
   assert( ptr != NULL );

   if ( *ptr != NULL )
   {
#ifndef SCIP_NOBUFFERMEM
      BMSfreeBufferMemory_work(buffer, ptr, filename, line);
#else
      BMSfreeMemory(ptr);
#endif
   }
}

/** gets number of used buffers */
size_t BMSgetNUsedBufferMemory(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer              /**< memory buffer storage */
   )
{
   assert( buffer != NULL );

   return buffer->firstfree;
}

/** returns the number of allocated bytes in the buffer memory */
long long BMSgetBufferMemoryUsed(
   const BMS_BUFMEM*     buffer              /**< buffer memory */
   )
{
#ifdef CHECKMEM
   size_t totalmem = 0UL;
   size_t i;

   assert( buffer != NULL );
   for (i = 0; i < buffer->ndata; ++i)
      totalmem += buffer->size[i];
   assert( totalmem == buffer->totalmem );
#endif

   return (long long) buffer->totalmem;
}

/** outputs statistics about currently allocated buffers to the screen */
void BMSprintBufferMemory(
   BMS_BUFMEM*           buffer              /**< memory buffer storage */
   )
{
   size_t totalmem;
   size_t i;

   assert( buffer != NULL );

   totalmem = 0UL;
   for (i = 0; i < buffer->ndata; ++i)
   {
      printf("[%c] %8llu bytes at %p\n", buffer->used[i] ? '*' : ' ', (unsigned long long)(buffer->size[i]), buffer->data[i]);
      totalmem += buffer->size[i];
   }
   printf("    %8llu bytes total in %llu buffers\n", (unsigned long long)totalmem, (unsigned long long)(buffer->ndata));
}